常用学术规范：作者列法与译法(3)

报纸中的文章

MLA：

“Literacy on the job.” USA Today 27 Dec. 1988: 6B.

APA：

Freudenheim, M. (1987, December 29). Rehabilitation in head injuries in business and helath. New York Times, p. D2.

百科全书中的文章（An entry in an encyclopedia）

MLA:

Mohanty, Jitendra M. “Indian Philosophy.” The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Macropaedia. 15th ed. 1987.

APA：

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia britannica (Vol. 26, pp. 501-508). Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

政府文件（A government publication）

MLA：

United States. Natl. Council on Disability. Promises to Keep: A Decade of Federal Enforcement of the Americans with Disabilities Act. Washington: GPO, 2000.

APA：

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

2.著录已出版的书籍

一位作者写的书籍

MLA：

Graff, Gerald. Professing Literature: An Institutional History. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987.

APA：

Rossi, P. H. (1989). Down and out in America: The origins of homelessness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

注意不同规范里书籍标题大小写规则的不同。

新版书（Book with a new edition）

MLA：

Erikson, Erik. Childhood and Society. 2nd ed. New York: Norton, 1963.

APA：

Kail, R. (1990). Memory development in children (3rd ed.). New York: Freeman.

团体作者（Book with a corporate author）写的书籍

MLA：

College Board. College-bound Seniors: 1989 SAT Profile. New York: College Entrance Examination Board, 1989.

APA：

American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.

无作者书籍（Book with no author）

MLA：

Guidelines for the Workload of College English Teacher. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English, 1987.

APA：

Standards for educational and psychological tests. (1985). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

编撰的书籍（Edited book）

MLA：

Kerckhove, Derrick de, and Charles J. Lumsden, eds. The Alphabet and the Brain: The Lateralization of Writing. Berlin Springer-¬Verlag, 1988.

APA：

Campbell, J. P., Campbell, R. J., & Associates. (Eds.). (1988). Productivity in organizations. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

翻译的书籍（Translated book）

MLA：

Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Norton, 1977.

APA：

Michotte, A. E. (1963). The perception of causality (T. R. Miles & E. Miles, Trans.). London: Methuen. (Original work published 1946)

注意在两种规范里，翻译者的名和姓均不需要改变次序。

附2：《MLA科研论文写作规范》(第5版)

作者:(英国)吉巴尔蒂著（Joseph Gibaldi）

出版社：上海外语教育出版社

ISBN：7810802062

http://www.amazon.cn/mn/detailmore?showtype=3700&ref=DT&prodid=zjbk093111，2008-09-13

内容简介

近半个世纪以来，由MLA（美国现代语言协会）推荐的学术著作原稿和学生研究论文的格式已经为学术刊物、学校、大学各系科和广大教师普遍采用。因此，《MLA科研论文写作规范》和《MLA格式指南及学术出版准则》便成了广大人文学科的教师、本科生、研究生和其他专业论文作者信赖的权威工具书。

《MLA科研论文写作规范》是无数论文作者信赖的工具书。自1977年第一版面世以来，已经在全球销售了400多万册。本书为第五版，专门为因特网时代重新撰写。《MLA科研论文写作规范》是美国现代语言协会(MLA)格式规范的权威指导用书。

《MLA科研论文写作规范》由文本写作格式规范的权威机构MLA(美国现代语言协会)出版。MLA写作格式由广大教师和学者开发，己形成引用科研原始资料的系统，长期来一直被中学、大学和出版社广泛采用。

内容要览

•选择论文题目，使用图书馆、因特网，撰写有效的文献目录、提纲，撰写草稿，杜绝剽窃；

•拼写、标点、人名、引用著作的名称及引文；

•科研论文格式；

•运用MLA格式规范在论文后列出资料出处；

•在论文中引用原始资料；

•恰当的缩写形式；

•各学科参考书目建议；

•其他文本写作格式规范概要；

•科研论文样张。

目录

Foreword by Phyllis Franklin

CHAPTER 1: Research and Writing

CHAPTER 2: The Mechanics of Writing

CHAPTER 3: The Format of the Research Paper

CHAPTER 4: Documentation: Preparing the List of Works Cited

CHAPTER 5: Documentation: Citing Sources in the Text

Appendix A: Selected Reference Works by Field

Index

附3：What Is MLA Style?

MLA：http://www.mla.org/

All fields of research agree on the need to document scholarly borrowings, but documentation conventions vary because of the different needs of scholarly disciplines. MLA style for documentation is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature. Generally simpler and more economical than other styles, MLA style features brief parenthetical citations in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work.

MLA style has been widely adopted by schools, academic departments, and instructors for over half a century. The association's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses. The MLA's guidelines are followed throughout North America and in Brazil, China, India, Japan, Taiwan, and other countries around the world.

The MLA publishes two authoritative explanations of MLA style: the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.

The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing

The Modern Language Association publishes two guides for writing and documenting research. The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers provides guidance for high school and undergraduate students who are preparing research papers for academic credit. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing advises graduate students, scholars, and professional writers on the protocols of advanced research writing, peer review, and publication.

The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, sixth edition

 The MLA Handbook is the association's guide for high school and undergraduate students on the preparation of research papers. It gives step-by-step advice on every aspect of writing papers, from selecting a topic to submitting the completed paper. It provides an authoritative presentation of MLA documentation style for use in student writing. High school and undergraduate students should follow the guidelines in this edition until the seventh edition of the MLA Handbook is released in 2009.

Find out about purchasing the MLA Handbook.

For more information about the MLA Handbook, see the list of frequently asked questions.

The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, third edition

 The MLA Style Manual is the association's guide for graduate students, scholars, and professional writers. It offers complete guidance on writing and documenting scholarly texts, submitting them for peer review, and preparing them for publication. The volume provides a chapter on copyright, fair use, contracts, and other legal issues. Another chapter addresses the special requirements for submitting theses and dissertations. This new edition of the MLA Style Manual presents a significant revision of MLA documentation style, which the MLA will begin to use in its own publications in January 2009. Authors of articles, books, theses, dissertations, and other scholarly works in MLA style should use the guidelines in this volume.

Find out about purchasing the MLA Style Manual.

For more information about the MLA Style Manual, see the list of frequently asked questions.

附4：What Is APA Style?

http://www.apa.org/

Based in Washington, DC, the American Psychological Association (APA) is a scientific and professional organization that represents psychology in the United States. With more than 150,000 members, APA is the largest association of psychologists worldwide. The American Psychological Foundation (APF) is a nonprofit, philanthropic organization that provides scholarships, grants, and awards in order to advance the science and the practice of psychology for the understanding of behavior and the benefit of human welfare.

APF was established in 1953 to promote psychology and to help extend its benefits to the public. Today, APF promotes the practice and the science of psychology through scholarships that encourage the best and brightest, through research grants and innovative programs in psychology that shed light on some of society's most pressing concerns, and through awards that inspire continued excellence among practitioners, clinicians, and researchers.