中国人民大学研究生院、外语学院制定
一、 考试目的和水平
中国人民大学非英语专业博士生入学英语考试（以下简称英语考试）是中国人民大学招收非英语专业博士生而设立的考试，是博士生招生工作的一个重要环节，服从招生工作的整体目标和规划。
英语考试的目标是既要选拔出应届硕士毕业生中英语水平较高的学生，又要使已工作多年、实际英语运用能力较强的考生获得入学深造的机会。基于此目标设计的英语考试，其总体水平相当于公共英语六级考试，但考试的重点不是具体的语言知识，如语法、单词、固定词组等，而是语言知识的实际运用，如对单词在语言环境中的确切含义、对语言材料的整体内容和逻辑思路的把握。从总体上说，考试注重主观题和主观理解题。
考试力求达到以下目标：使应届硕士毕业生中英语成绩优秀者或相当水平的考生能考出高分；使毕业多年但英语实际运用能力较强的考生有入学的可能性。
二、 考试的形式、题量、内容和试卷结构
（一） 考试的形式和题量
考试形式为笔试。考试时间为180分钟，其中听力30分钟，词汇10分钟，完型填空10分钟，阅读40分钟，翻译40分钟，写作40分钟，检查试卷10分钟。
考试满分为100分，听力20分，词汇10分，完形填空10分，阅读理解20分，翻译20分，写作20分。
（二） 考试内容与试卷结构
试题分六个部分，共83题，包括听力、词汇、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译和写作。
第一部分 听力
该部分包括A、B、C三节，考察考生理解英语口语的能力，其中A节10分，B节和C节各5分，共20分。
A节共10题，每题1分，要求考生根据听到的10个小对话的内容从所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。10个小对话的主题和内容不重复，三分之一的试题为客观题，三分之二的试题为判断推理题；对话语言材料的难度和语速不超出公共英语四级考试水平。录音材料放一遍。
B节共5题，每题1分，要求考生根据听到的录音，在一段150词左右的短文中填充5个空白，每个空白根据情况填充1个或2个词。语言材料的难度和语速相当于公共英语四级考试水平。录音材料播放两遍。
C节，共5题，每题1分，要求考生根据听到的一段2200词左右的短文，回答5个问题，问题不在录音中播放，直接印在试卷上。短文内容具有一定思想性和逻辑性，要求回答的问题包括两类：考生可根据听到的具体信息直接回答的问题（2题）；考生对听到的信息进行判断、推理和引申后才能回答的问题（3题）。该部分录音材料的语速相当于公共英语六级考试水平，但语言材料和问题的难度超过公共英语六级考试水平。录音材料播放两遍。
第二部分 词汇
该部分主要考察考生对近义词、近形词以及其他相关词汇的词义及用法进行辨析的能力。共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分。
要求考生从所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案填入给定的句子中，使其意思通顺，结构完整。所考词汇主要依据中国人民大学出版社出版的《研究生英语精读教程》
第三部分 完形填空
该部分主要考察考生对语言要素的掌握程度和语段特征辨识能力，共20小题，每题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇350词左右的短文中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的四个选项中选出最佳答案，使短文意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。所选短文的难度不超过公共英语的四级考试水平。
第四部分 阅读理解
该部分考察考生理解书面英语的能力，共20题，每题1分，共20分。
要求考生根据所提供的四篇（总长度2000词左右）文章的内容，从每题给出的四个选项中选出最佳答案，每篇文章5个问题。五篇文章由易到难；每一篇长度为350词左右，难度不超过公共英语四级考试水平；第二、三篇每篇500词左右，难度不超过公共英语六级考试水平；最后一篇600词左右，具有比较强的思想性和逻辑性，难度超过公共英语六级考试水平。所选文章的内容以人民大学设立的主要学科领域为依据，可包括法律、经济、管理、人文社会科学、科技等方面。在20个问题中，三分之一为涉及客观事实的细节题，三分之二则为归纳、判断和推理题。
第五部分 翻译
该部分考察考生将原文思想传送到译文中的能力，着重测试整体性、逻辑性、信息的完整性和准确性，包括英译汉和汉译英两大题，每题10分，共20分。
要求考生将长度为150词左右的两篇短文（中、英文各一篇）用中英文进行翻译。两题涉及的翻译材料内容选自不同的领域（见阅读理解部分），但知识含量限制在考生所能驾驭的范围，一般为不同学科领域的普及性阅读材料。翻译部分涉及的词汇量一般不超过公共英语四级考试水平；超出此范围的词汇，加汉语注释。
第六部分 写作
该部考察考生的书面表达能力，共1题，20分。
要求考生根据所给英文命题写出一篇不少于250词的议论文。
（三） 答题卡
答案按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。听力A节、词汇、完形填空和阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡Ⅰ上，听力B、C两节、翻译和写作写在答题卡Ⅱ上。
附录1、中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语试卷示例
附录2、中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语试卷参考答案
附录3、听力录音文字稿
中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试大纲（二）
附录1 中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语试卷示例
Part Ⅰ Listening comprehension(25minutes,20 points)
Section A (10points)
Directions:
In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer sheetⅠ.
1. A.69 B.59 C.67 D.76
2. A. On the earth B. In an ocean C. In Africa D. On the moon
3. A. Because they need handkerchiefs B. Because the movie is sad
C. Because they like movies D. Because the movie is funny
4. A. Buy a car B. Buy a house C. Move to the city D. Rent a car
5. A. A housewife B. A teacher C. A director D. A writer
6. A. The government should help those youngsters.
B. The government should take the place of those youngsters.
C. The government should encourage those youngsters.
D. The government should place restrictions on those youngsters.
7. A. Because they had the same interests.
B. Because they got along very well.
C. Because both of them were sociable.
D. Because both of them were humorous.
8. A. She likes riding horses.
B. She has been promoted once a year.
C. She won the second place in a contest.
D. She is very excited.
9. A. It is very neat.
B. It is a mess.
C. It is very pleasant.
D. It is a hell.
10. A. He got the camera at a very low price.
B. The camera is very expensive.
C. The camera is worth nothing.
D. He does not like the camera.
Section B (5 points)
Directions:
In this section you are going to hear a short passage two times. The passage is printed on your paper with five words or short phrases missing. You must write down the missing words you have just heard in the corresponding space. At the end of the talk there will be a one minute pause, during which time you are asked to transfer your answer to the answer sheetⅡ.
The Museum of Television & Radio is founded by William S.Paley in 1975. It is a(11)_________ organization to collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make these programs(12)_____________ to the public. Each year the Museum, using radio and television programs from the collection organizes major exhibitions and screenings and listening series that focus on topics of social historical, popular, or artistic interest. Seminars(13)___________ in-person discussions with writers, producers, directors, actors, and others involved with landmark programming. In addition, the Musuem’s comprehensive education program welcomes special(14)_____________ and students from the elementary to the university level and encourages them to become(15)________________ by interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.
Section C (5 points)
Directions:
In this section you will hear a talk two times. Answer the questions below according to what you’ve heard on the tape. At the end of talk there will be a 3 minute pause, during which time you are asked to transfer your answers to the answer sheet Ⅱ. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions below.
16. What is the first feeling that people often have when they have lost a job?
_______________________________________________________________________________
17. According to the talk, when is the initial hope in the unemployed replaced by disillusionment?
______________________________________________________________________________
18. What is worst feeling one has when one is unemployed?
_______________________________________________________________________________19. What does the writer’s mention of a fresh start suggestion?
______________________________________________________________________________
20. What is the writer’s aim in this talk?
______________________________________________________________________________
Part Ⅱ Vocabulary
Direction:
Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet Ⅰ.
21. The crippled Westley proudly walked with a _____ to the platform to join the children.
A. jump B. limp C. hop D. jog
22. A _____ of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor for approval.
A. shorthand B. scheme C. schedule D. sketch
23. A man has to make ______ for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on when old.
A. supply B. assurance C. provision D. adjustment
24. The newly-built Science Building seems _____ enough to last a hundred years.
A. spacious B. sophisticated C. substantial D. steady
25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are ____ free medical care.
A. entitled to B. involved in C. associated with D. assigned to
26. The farmers are anxious for rain than the people in the city because the had more at ______.
A. danger B. stake C. loss D. threat
27. I felt ______ to death because I could make nothing of chairman’s speech .
A. fatigued B. tired C. exhausted D. bored
28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at ________.
A. wrong B. trouble C. fault D. difficulty
29. Your advice would be _______ valuable to him, who is at present at his wit’s end.
A. exceedingly B. excessively C. extensively D. exclusively
30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to _______ the consequences.
A. answer for B. run into C. abide by D. step into
31. The river is already _______ its bans because of excessive rainfall, and the city is threatened with a likely flood.
A. parallel B. level in C. flat on D. flush with
32. People ______ that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do the airliners of today.
A. convinced B. anticipated C. resolved D.assured
33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written or ____ for language leaning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic program for the reading skills.
A. adapted B. acknowledged C. assembled D.appointed
34. The mother said she would _____ her son washing the dished if he could finish his assignment before supper.
A. let down B. let alone C. let off D. let out
35. We should always keep in mind that _____ decisions often lead to bitter regrets.
A. urgent B. hasty C. instant D. prompt
36. John complained to bookseller that there were several pages ____ in the dictionary.
A. missing B. losing C. dropping D. leaking
37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women _____ this field is climbing.
A. engaging B. devoting C. registering D. pursuing
38. The supervisor didn’t have time so far to go into it ____ , but he gave us an idea about his plan.
A. at hand B. in turn C. in conclusion D. at length
39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest _____ of being met.
A. prospect B. prediction C. prosperity D. permission
40. When Langston waited to be saved by Jesus, he saw the lighted candles on the altar ____ in the draught from the opening window.
A. flicking B. fluttering C. shivering D. wavering
Part Ⅲ Cloze Test (10 points)
Directions:
For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark the corresponding letter with single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer SheetⅠ.
Most of you graduating today will employees all your working life, working for somebody else and for a paycheck. And so will most, 41 not all, of the other young Americans graduating this year in all the other schools and colleges across the country.
42 has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one 43 every five Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for someone else. Today only 20% of Americans are not employed but working for themselves. And 44 fifty years ago “being employed” means 45 as a factory laborer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly a middle-class person with a 46 formal education, holding a professional or management job requiring 47 and technical skills. 48 , two things have characterized American society during these last fifty years: the middle and upper-classes have become employees; and middle-class and upper-clss employees have been the fastest growing groups in our 49 population-growing so fast the industrial worker, that 50 child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance 51 the expansion of industrial production.
This is one of the most profound social changes any country 52 . It is, however, a perhaps even 53 change for individual young man 54 to start. Whatever he does, in all 55 , he will do it as an employee; Wherever he aims, he will have to try to reach it 56 being an employee.
As an employee you work with and through other people. This means that your success as an employee will 57 on your ability to communicate with people and to present your own thoughts and ideas to them 58 they will both understand what you are driving 59 and be persuaded. The letter, the report or memorandum, the 60 spoken “presentation” to a committee are basic tools for the employee.
41. A. but B. if C. nearly D. fortunately
42. A. Our B. Mine C. Our D. It
43. A. except B. of C. out of D. among
44. A. whenever B. where C. what D. wherever
45. A. to work B. working C. to working D. work
46. A. substantial B. material C. unique D. important
47. A. mechanical B. liberal C. practical D. intellectual
48. A. Therefore B. Instead C. Indeed D. After all
49. A. working B. functioning C. moving D. rural
49. A. younger B. youngest C. older D. oldest
51. A. despite B. although C. due to D. in case of
52. A. undergoes B. has undergone C. underwent D. has undergone
53. A. greater B. smaller C. frequent D. sudden
54. A. able B. about C. likely D. possible
55. A. likeliness B. likelihood C. likeableness D. likeability
56. A. on B. with C. through D. as
57. A. focus B. spend C. expend D. depend
58. A. in order B. in case C. so that D. therefore
59. A. to B. at C. in D. from
60. A. ten-minute B. ten minutes C. ten minute D. ten-minutes
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Directions:
Reading the following passages, decide on the best one of the choices marked A, B, C, and D for each question or unfinished statement and mark the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Sheet Ⅰ.
Passage 1
Whether the eyes are “the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby’s life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivated a smile, not will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother’s back, infants do not acquire as much as attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to enclose or decode meaning. In fact, Argyly reveals that “proper place to focus one’s gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one’s conversation partner.”
The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two American is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few months they re-establish eye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking , the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversations. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false stars, and unpredictable pause.
61. The author is convinced that the eyes are ____.
A. of extreme importance in expressing feeling and exchanging ideas
B. something through which one can see a person’s inner world
C. of considerable significance in making conversations interesting
D. something the values of which is largely a matter of long debate
62. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person _____.
A. Whose front view is fully perceived.
B. Whose face is covered with mask.
C. Whose face is seen from the side.
D. Whose face is free of any covering.
63. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner’s neck because ______.
A. they don’t like to keep their eyes on the face of the speaker
B. they need not communicate through eye contact
C. they don’t think it polite to have eye contact
D. they didn’t have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhood
64. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down due to _______.
A. one temporarily glancing away from the other
B. eye contact of more than one second
C. improperly-timed ceasing of eye contact
D. constant adjustment of eye contact
65. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the participants ____.
A. not to wear dark spectacles
B. not to make any interruptions
C. not to glance away from each other
D. not to make unpredictable pause
Passage 2
There is extraordinary exposure in the United States to the risks of injury and death from motor vehicle accidents. More than 70 percent of all households own passenger cars or light trucks and each of these is driven an average of more than 11,000 miles each year. Almost one-half of fatally injured drivers have a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.1 percent or higher. For the average adult, over five ounces of 80 proof spirits would have to be consumed over a short period of time to attain these levels. A third of drivers, demonstrate these levels. Although less than 1 percent of drivers with BAC of 0.1 percent or more are involved in fatal crashes, the probability of their involvement is 27 times higher than for those without alcohol in their blood.
There are a number of different approaches to reducing injuries in which intoxication plays a role. Based on the observation that excessive consumption coorelates with the total alcohol consumption of a country’s population, it has been suggested that higher taxes on alcohol would reduce both. While the heaviest drinkers would be taxed the most, anyone who drinks at all would be penalized by this approach.
To make drinking and driving a criminal offense is an approach directed only at intoxicated drivers. In some states, the law empowers police to request breath tests of drivers cited for any traffic offense and elevated BAC can be basis for arrest. The national Highway Traffic Safety Administration estimates, however, that even with increased arrests, there are about 700 violations for every arrest. At this level there is little evidence that laws serve as deterrents to drinking while intoxicated. In Britain, motor vehicle fatalities fell 25 percent immediately following implementation of the Road Safety Act in 1967. As the British increasingly recognized that they could drink and not be stopped, the effectiveness declined, although in the ensuring three years the fatality rate seldom reached that observed in the seven years prior to the Act.
Whether penalties for driving with high BAC or excessive taxation on consumption of alcoholic beverages will deter the excessive drinker responsible for most fatalities is unclear. In part, the answer depends on the extent to which those with high BACs involved in crashed are capable of controlling their intake in response to economic or penal threat. Therapeutic programs which range from individual and group counseling and psychotherapy to chemotherapy constitute another approach, but they have not diminished the proportion of accidents in which alcohol was a factor. In the few controlled trials that have been reported, there is little evidence that rehabilitation programs for those repeatedly arrested for drunken behavior have reduced either the recidivism or crash rates. Thus far, there is no firm evidence that Alcohol Safety Action Project supported programs, in which rehabilitation measures are requested by the court, have decreased recidivism or crash involvement for clients exposed to them, although knowledge and attitude have improved. One thing is clear, however, unless we deal with automobile and highway safety and reduce accidents in which alcoholic intoxication plays a role, many will continue to die.
66. The author is mainly concentrated with ______.
A. interpreting the result of surveys on traffic fatalities
B. reviewing the effectiveness of attempts to curb drunk driving
C. suggesting reasons for the prevalence of drunk driving in the United States
D. analyzing the causes of the large number of annual traffic fatalities
67. It can be inferred that the 1967 Road Safety Act in Britain ______.
A. required drivers convicted under the law to undergo rehabilitation therapy
B. made it illegal to drive while intoxicated
C. increased the number of drunk driving arrests
D. place a tax on the sale of alcoholic drinks
68. The author implies that a BACs of 0.1 percent _______
A. is unreasonably high as a definition of intoxication for purpose of driving
B. penalizes the moderate drinker while allowing the heavy drinker to consume without limit
C. is well below the BAC of most drivers who are involved in fatal collisions
D. proves that a driver has consumed five ounces of 80 proof spirits over a short time
69. The author cites the British example in order to _______
A. demonstrate the need to lower BAC levels in State that have laws against drunk drinving
B. prove that stricter enforcement of law against intoxicated drivers would reduce traffic deaths
C. prove that a slight increase in the number arrests of intoxicated drivers will not deter drunk driving
D. suggest that taxation of alcohol consumption may be more effective than criminal laws
70. The author’s tone of the end of article can be described as _____
A. ironic B. indifferent C. admonitory D. indecisive
Passage 3
Reserve discrimination, minority recruitment, racial quotes, and more generally, affirmative action are phrases that carry powerful emotional charges. But why should affirmative action, of all government polices, be so controversial? In a sense, affirmative action is like other governmental programs, e.g., defense, conservation, and public schools. Affirmative action programs are designed to achieve legitimate government objectives such as improved economic efficiency, reduce social tension, and general betterment of the public welfare. While it cannot b denied that there is no guarantee that affirmative action will achieve these results, neither can it be denied that there are plausible, even powerful, sociological and economic arguments pointing to its likely success.
Government programs, however, entitle a cost, that is, the expenditure of social or economic resources. Setting aside cases in which the specific user is charged a fee for service(toll roads and tuition at state institutions), the burdens and benefits of publicly funded or mandated programs are widely shared. When an individual benefits personally from a government program, it is only because she or he is one number of a large beneficiary class, e.g., a farmer, and most government revenue is obtained through a scheme of general taxation to which all are subject.
Affirmative action programs are exceptions to this general rule, though not, as might at first seem, because the beneficiaries of the programs are specific individuals. It is still the case that those who ultimately benefit from affirmative action do so only by virtue of their status as members of a large group, a particular minority. Rather, the difference is the location of the burden. In affirmative action, the burden of “funding” the program is not shared universally, and that is inherent in the nature of the case, as can be seen clearly in the case of affirmative action in employment. Often job promotions are allocated along a single dimension, seniority, and when an employer promotes a less senior worker form a minority group, the person disadvantaged by the move is easily identified, the worker with greatest seniority on a combined minority-nonminority list passed over for promotion.
Now we are confronted with two competing moral sentiments. On the one hand, there is the idea that those who have been unfairly disadvantaged by past discriminatory practices are entitled to some kind of assistance. On the other, there is the feeling that no person ought to be deprived of what is rightfully his or hers, even for the worthwhile service of fellow humans. In this respect, disability due to past racial discriminationm at least in so far ad there is no connection to the passed over worker, is like a natural evil. When a villainous man will fully and without provocation strikes and injuries another, there is only the feeling that the injured person ought to be compensated but there is consensus that the appropriate party to bear the cost is the one who inflicted the injury. Yet, if the someone argue that the villainous man ought to be taxed for the injury simply because he might have tripped the victim had he been given the opportunity. There may very well be agreement that he should be aided in his recovery with money and personal assistance and many will give willingly; but there is also agreement that no one individual ought to be singled out and forced to do what must ultimately be considered an act charity.
71. The passage is primarily concerned with _____.
A. comparing affirmative action programs to other government programs
B. arguing that affirmative action programs are morally justified
C. analyzing the basis for moral judgments about affirmative action programs
D. introducing the reader to the importance of affirmative action as a social issue
72. The author mentions toll roads and tuition at state institutions in order to___.
A. anticipate a possible objection based on counterexamples
B. avoid a contradiction between moral sentiments
C. provide illustrations of common government programs
D. voice doubts about the social and economic value of affirmative action
73. with which of the following statements would the author most likely agree_____.
A. Affirmative action programs should be discontinued because they place unfair burden on nonminority persons who bear the cost of the programs
B. Affirmative action programs may be able to achieve legitimate social and economic goals such as improved efficiency.
C. Affirmative action programs are justified because they are the only way of correcting injustices created by past discrimination.
D. Affirmative action programs must be redesigned so that society as a whole rather than particular individuals bears the cost of the program.
74. The “villainous man” discussed in functions primarily as _____.
A. an illustration B. a counterexample C. an authority D. an analogy
75. the primary purpose of the passage is to _____.
A. reconcile two conflicting points of vies
B. provide a historical context for studying social programs
C. suggest a new method for studying social problems
D. analyze the structure of an institution
Passage 4
Plato’s dialogues are artfully crafted discussions that literally lay the ‘function’ for the philosophical tradition in Western culture. In an important sense, Plato describes for us much of who we are. He invents us in many ways. Plato represents one ‘face’ that is similar to that which Foucault describes when he discusses how the character of ‘man’ changes with the ebbing tides of history. Foucault specifically uses the metaphor of the face that is drawn in sand at the edge of the sea. In Foucault’s allegory, what we conceive as being ‘man’ today is the result of intellectual, linguistic-based inventions that took place since the European Enlightenment. As new vocabularies arise, the old one give way. Unlike the short-life of the face in the sand that Foucault describes, Plato’s ‘face’has been carved out of stone and has more of a ‘temporary permanence.’ The stone is representative of a stranger cultural presence, yet it is still only stone. It rests on the side of the ocean with the daily ebb of the tide rushing over it, slowly grinding it down: the sand and the water slowly eat away at the stone, until nothing remains of its representation. When that occurs, we will be free from Plato. But that might take as many as years as it has taken to get this far. We are not in any hurry, though, we have got nothing but the rest of the time ahead of us. Plato’s philosophical edifice in Western thought is no small accomplishment; Plato should not be taken lightly. While most people today tend to treat philosophy as an irrelevant concept, philosophical ideas have had defining roles in establishing the personality and characteristics of western culture. Ideas are the engines that drive history. While human history and material progress is frequently marked by conditions of hostility and wars may be negative side of ideas, they nevertheless, distinguish, in large part, who we are as a species. Without the power of ideas, we would still be living side-by-side with the rest of the animal kingdom, a much decimated and weaker species, barely able to carry its own weight against competing species of animal who are much stronger than us in every other respect. Ideas cone first, and they are proceeded by action. Theory, however, may be different, as theory is often a Johnny-come-lately to any type of cultural excitement.
Thus, one model of history is: idea, action, theory. For example, labor organizes because of abusive working conditions, and peasant social revolt because they are oppressed; but this is not enough to enact significant social change. Organized resistance is the result of an idea about one’s self and one’s conditions, ideas about what one is as a human being. For the most part, people have to learn to resist. A necessary condition for most resistance that goes beyond immediate self-defense is that people have to see themselves by their own definitions by others. In the words of Neil Postman, ‘it is certainly true that he who holds the power to define is our master, but it is also true that he who holds in mind an alternative definition can never quite be his slave.’ This reframing is an important function of social movements. With few exceptions, social movements are started and led by people who are educated and who have the opportunity to escape from the oppression that the larger group experiences. In rejecting this option, social movement leaders return to the communities and conditions that they successfully escaped from to teach their followers a new way of conceptualizing cultural conditions. The Black Power movement and the consciousness raising tactics of the Feminist Movement are two examples of how resistance is a ‘learned’ activity.
76. The basic title for the passage is probably_____.
A. Foundations in the Dialogues of Plato
B. The Invention of Plato
C. The Invention of Foucault
D. The character of Man
77. The meaning of the word ‘face’ in the first paragraph is _____.
A. front part of the head of a person
B. quality of human beings
C. expression on the front part of the head
D. surface of something
78. According to the passage, why should Plato not be taken lightly ?
A. Because Plato’s philosophical influence on western thought is quite deep.
B. Because ideas are the engines that drive history.
C. Because human history and material progress is marked by conditions of the world.
D. Both A and B.
79. According to the passage, one result of ideas is _____.
A. the definition of one’s self
B. social movements
C. education
D. working conditions
80. Which of the following statement is true according to the passage?
A. The Black Power movement was started by the idea of Plato.
B. Plato brings about many social movements.
C. In Plato’s dialogues, there’s a model of history: idea, action, theory.
D. Plato makes a deep influence on Western philosophy.
Part Ⅴ Translation (20 points)
Section A (10 points)
81. Directions:
Translate the following passage into Chinese, and write your translation text on the Answer Sheet Ⅱ.
George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four was far more prescient than any person realized who grew up in the middle decades of the 20th century. It was centered on the very special technology (information technology, as well call it now) that would in fact emerge and shape the world over the next two generations: central to the success of the vast, totalitarian empire was called the telescreen, a wall-sized panel display that could simultaneously send and receive images from each individual household to a hovering Big Brother. The telescreen was what permitted the vast centralization of social lift, for it allowed the government to banish privacy by motoring every word and deed over a massive network of wires.
With at least a half century separating us from the publication of the book, we can see that while the technological predications he made were startling accurate, but the political predications were entirely wrong. As Peter Huber has argued, the personal computer, linked to the Internet, was in fact the realization of Orwell’s telescreen. But instead of becoming an instrument of centralization of access to information and the decentralization of plitics.
Section B (10 points)
82. Directions:
Translate the following passage into English, and write your translation text on the Answer Sheet Ⅱ
前辈的学者常以学问的趣味启迪后生，因为他们自己实在是得到了学问的趣味，故不惜现身说法，诱导后学，使他们也在愉快的心情之下走进学问的大门。一个人果能感觉到趣味，有时会像着了魔一般，真能废寝忘食，真能不知老之将至，苦苦钻研，锲而不舍，在学问上蔫能不有收获？在良师指导下按部就班地循序渐进，一步步地发现新天地，当然乐在其中，如果浅尝辄止，当然味同嚼醋，自讨没趣。
Part Ⅵ Writing ( 20 points )
83. Directions:
Write an essay on the Answer Sheet Ⅱ in no less than 250 words with the title “An Outlook on the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games”.
中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语考试大纲（三）
附录2、中国人民大学博士生（非英语专业）入学考试英语试卷参考答案
PartⅠListening comprehension ( 20 points)
Section A: 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.C 7.A 8.D 9.A 10.D
Section B:
11. nonprofit
12. available
13. feature
14. interest group
15. critical thinkers
Section C:
16. shock
17. when they are unable to improve their position.
18. a feeling of lethargy/ of being dull
19. unemployment can be of benefit to people
20. to offer encouragement to unemployed people
PartⅡ Vocabulary (10 points)
21-30: BDCCA, BDCAA
31-40: DBACB, ADDAA
Part Ⅲ Cloze Test (10 points)
41-60: BACBB, ADCAD, ABABB, CDCBA
Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (20 points)
Passage1 61-65: ACDAA
Passage2 66-70: BBACC
Passage3 71-75: CABDD
Passage4 76-80: ABDBD
PartⅤ Translation (20 points)
81. Section A:
乔治.奥威尔的<<1984年>>这本书的预见性远远超出在二十世纪中期长大的人所能够达到的认识程度，因为其核心是一种后来四五十年中改变了世界的非比寻常的技术(我们今天所称的信息技术)。那个巨大的集权帝国成功的核心是一种称为荧光屏的装置。它是一面墙大小的平面显示器，可以同时在每个家庭和“老大哥”之间收发图象。政府凭借着一个巨大的网络监视人们的一言一行，从而消除了隐私。
这本书出版至少半世纪后，我们可以看到书中对技术的预言惊人地准确，但政治性预言却完全错误。正如彼德.休伯所说的，与因特网相连的个人电脑就是奥威尔书中的荧光屏。但是，它不仅没有成为集权和独裁的工具，反而带来了相反的结果：信息获取权的普及化和政治上的分权。
82. Section B:
Scholar of the old generation often urge young people to develop interest in learning because they themselves have been enjoying the real pleasure of academic studies. And they are ever ready to cite their own example by way of advice, in hope of enabling young people to gain access to scholarship in an enjoyable way. A man who is really interested in learning sometimes does act like one possessed. He forgets his approaching old age and work hard even to the neglect of his meals and sleep. Isn’t it but natural for a man of such devotion to have great scholarly achievement?
You will develop a liking for learning if, under the guidance of a good teacher, you study to discover new horizons opening up before you one after another by following the proper order and advancing step by step. On the other hand, you will find learning ad dry and sawdust if you refuse to go into a subject in depth or even make impetuous advances without following the proper order.
Part Ⅵ Writing (20 points)
略
附录3、听力录音文字稿
Part Ⅰ Listening comprehension(25minutes,20 points)
Section A (10points)
Directions:
In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D by marking the corresponding letter with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer sheet.
1.W: Is your listening class very crowded?
M: Well, on the first day there were 45 students in class, and the next day 14 more students came.
Q: How many students are there in the listening class?
2.M: Look up there. It’s the earth!
W: Beautiful. But how surprising: the sky is black!
M: And you can see all the blue oceans and the brown landmasses.
Q: Where did this conversation take place?
3. W: If we go to the movie, I know we’ll probably shed a lot of tears.
M: Yes, I hear it’s very sad.
W: All right, then, I’ll bring two extra handkerchiefs.
Q: why will the man and the woman probably shed tears?
4. W: After I moved to the city next month, do you think I need a car?
M: A car? That’s crazy! The mass transit in this city is excellent.
W: That’s what I heard, but I’m still not sure what to do.
Q: What will the woman do next month?
5. M: Honey, let’s go out tonight. There’s a good movie at the Capital theater that was directed by Mike Leigh.
W: You know I’d love to, but I’m exhausted, and I’m completely overwhelmed, and I still have a whole set of examinations to correct tonight. I’m very stressed-out.
Q: what’s the woman’s occupation?
6. M: More and more youngsters are interested in the cause of public good.
W: I think the government should keep the port boiling.
Q: According to the woman, what should the government do?
7. M: I enjoyed the talk with Jim last night. He was so knowledgeable and humorous that he left me a very deep impression.
W: I see. When people have something in common, they often find it interesting to be together.
Q: According to the woman, why did the man enjoy talking with Jim?
8. M: Lucy seems to be on her high horse these days. Do you know why?
W: She got the promoted, and this is the second time this year.
Q: What do we learn about Lucy?
9. W: Have you been to Linda’s room these days?
M: No, is there anything the matter?
W: Well, you can’t imagine it. It looks just like a total wreck!
Q: What is Linda’s room like?
10. W: You’ve got a new camera. It looks good and must be very expensive.
M: It’s good. But I got it for next to nothing.
Q: What does the man mean about his camera?
Section B (5 points)
Directions: In this section you are going to hear a short passage two times. The passage is printed on your paper with five words or short phrases missing. You must write down the missing words you have just heard in the corresponding space. At the end of the talk there will be a one minute pause, during which time you are asked to transfer your answer to the answer sheet
The Museum of Television & Radio is founded by William S.Paley in 1975. It is a nonprofit organization to collect and preserve television and radio programs and to make these programs available to the public. Each year the Museum, using radio and television programs from the collection organizes major exhibitions and screenings and listening series that focus on topics of social historical, popular, or artistic interest. Seminars feature in-person discussions with writers, producers, directors, actors, and others involved with landmark programming. In addition, the Musuem’s comprehensive education program welcomes special interest group and students from the elementary to the university level and encourages them to become critical thinkers by interpreting and analyzing radio and television programs.
Section C (5 points)
Directions: In this section you will hear a talk two times. Answer the questions below according to what you’ve heard on the tape. At the end of talk there will be a 3 minute pause, during which time you are asked to transfer your answers to the answer sheet Ⅱ. You now have 25 seconds to read the questions below.
As more and more people become redundant, now is perhaps the time to consider the experience of unemployment. What are the first feelings? Well, losing a job, or not being able to find one, almost always brings unwelcome changes. If you’ve lost a job, the first feeling is often one of shock. As well as the loss of income, many people find the whole routine of their life is shattered, their contract with other people reduced, their ambitions halted and their identity as a worker removed.
At first there may be good feeling too—a new and better job is just around the comer—it’s nice to be able to lie in bed in the morning or spend more time with the children; have more time to think. But, unless a better job does turn up, the chances are the days start getting longer and time becomes harder to fill. Man people pass through periods of difficulty in sleeping and eating, they feel irritable and depressed, often isolated and lonely, and perhaps worst of all, a feeling of lethargy, of being dull and run sown sweeps over them.
Despite all these problems though, unemployment can be a chance for a fresh start. You can discover that it provides an opportunity to sort out or rethink what you want from life and how best you can get it. You can use the time to plan how to find a new job, learn a new skill, develop your hobbies, see if you can run your own business, do some voluntary work in your community or meet new people. It’s up to you.
人民大学博士入学考试英语作文题目：
1、those who fail to plan, plan to fail (1997)
2、the carton of cats with mice (1998) (画面是：抓到耗子后抓在手里进行炫耀的得到奖赏，而抓到耗子后吃到肚里的无法炫耀的没有奖赏)
3、he is a good physician who can cures himself (1999)
4、education for sustainable development of human society(2000)
5、what I Can offer to the human society(2001)
6、Opportunities and challenges with the coming of globalization(2002)
7、Social sciences and humanities should play a more important role in the 21th century(2003)
8、Globalization in my eyes(2004)
9、Advantages and disadvantages of living in a big city(2005)
